CCL4 and concussion: MCP-1 has been associated with post-concussion syndrome in mTBI patients.10 IL-8 (CXCL8) has been reported as a key mediator of neuroinflammation in severe TBI,21 eotaxin (CCL11) has been associated with chronic traumatic encephalopathy,29 and MIP-1β has been shown to be induced early in sports concussion.30,31 These chemokines induce production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ, which was increased in this study.