HMGB1 and brain ischemia: In the brain tissue of rats after cerebral ischemia, curcumin decreased TNF-α and IL-6 levels via activation of SIRT-1 [75]; reduced TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) by inhibition of the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducers and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway [76]; and inhibited ICAM-1 and MMP-9 by downregulating NF-kB and elevating Nrf2 [77] or reduced TNF-α and IL-1β by inhibiting the TLR2/4/NF-kB signaling pathway [78].