ACHE and metabolic disease: The proposed mechanism of action of A. calamus in neurological and metabolic disorders includes a synergic integration of antioxidant defense, GABAergic transmission, brain stress hormones modulation, pro-inflammatory cytokines, leptin and resistin levels, adipocytes inhibition, calcium channel blocker effect, protein synthesis, oxidative stress, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, and anti-dopaminergic properties.