Testes infection with JEV showed a differential production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, chemokine RANTES, and TNF-α, as well as an increased presence of NS5 (non-structural protein of the virus), RIG-I, TLR3 and -7 [98]. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL8 and infection.