VSIR and neoplasm: The objectives of this study were to assess the expression of PD-L1, B7-H3, B7-H4, and the novel immune checkpoint V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA); to investigate the associations between the expression of these markers, clinicopathological features, and patient survival; to compare the immune microenvironment of CCC with that of cervical SCC; and to better understand the role of immune checkpoints in the tumour immunology of cervical CCC.