Therefore, upregulated Rac and Cdc42 can drive malignant signaling during acquisition of resistance to cancer therapies targeting cell surface receptors, by acting downstream of therapy resistance mechanisms such as Ras/MAPK and PI3-K/mTOR signaling (Baker et al., 2014; Cardama et al., 2018; Maldonado and Dharmawardhane, 2018; De et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene MTOR and cancer.