TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: In another study, Thomas and coworkers reported the anti-inflammatory effects of S. boulardii in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases, mainly via inhibition of T and dendritic cells activation, reduced levels of proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin- (IL-) 6 and increase the production of IL-10, which consequently promotes epithelial restitution relevant in IBD [66].