TNF and Sepsis: In a rat model of sepsis-associated ARDS, the up-regulation of miR-494 decreased the expression of the antioxidant factor NQO1 and inactivated the Nrf2 signaling pathway, which were responsible for significantly higher levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, suggesting a pro-inflammatory effect of miR-494 on sepsis-associated ARDS [48].