Similarly, the presence of islet‐cell antibodies (ICA) also shortened the time to insulin in type 2 diabetes.44 Autoantibodies to protein tyrosine phosphatase isoforms IA‐2 (IA‐2A) were also associated with the time to insulin requirement among type 2 diabetes in the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS)33 and a Japanese study57; likelihood of insulin treatment almost doubled when GADA and IA‐2 antibodies were present in high titre.33 Only one study has looked at inflammatory cytokines. This evidence concerns the gene PTPRN and type 2 diabetes mellitus.