PARP1 and Cerebral ischemia: To further examine whether PJ34 affected the polarization of microglia in the ischemic brain, pro-inflammatory microglial marker (CD16) and anti-inflammatory microglial markers (CD206 and TGF-β) were detected using real-time PCR, our findings indicated that PJ34 reduced expression of both CD16, CD206, and TGF-β in the MCAO mice of both genders (Figures 3D–F), which suggested that PARP-1 inhibitor simultaneously affected the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory microglial activation induced by cerebral ischemia.