Given that inflammation and immunity are intimately associated with cancer progression, severity and unfavourable prognostic outcomes, it is not surprising that MIF expression have been found to be elevated in numerous cancers including squamous carcinoma, glioblastoma, cervical adenocarcinoma, malignant melanoma, nasopharyngeal cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, and prostate cancer17–20. This evidence concerns the gene MIF and cancer.