In these mouse models, the onset of AKI was determined by three diverse indicators of renal structure and function: accumulation of nitrogenous waste (blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine), biomarkers (kidney injury molecule-1 [Kim1]31 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin [Ngal]32), and histological analysis (H&E staining and renal damage score) (Fig. 2a–g). This evidence concerns the gene LCN2 and acute kidney injury.