C3a and C5a can be said to be the peptide mediators of inflammation for proinflammatory signaling and anaphylatoxin effects during the process of activation of the alternative pathway of complement, while C3a receptors and C5a receptors distributed on endothelial cells and immune-related cells in the tumor microenvironment could combine with C3a and C5a to activate G proteins for triggering subsequent reactions (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK27100/). Here, C3 is linked to neoplasm.