CD8A and neoplasm: Berezhnoy et al. [157,158] conjugated an agonistic 4-1BB aptamer to an siRNA targeting mTOR complex 1 and found that systemic administration of the conjugates to mice downregulated mTOR complex 1 activity in CD8 + T cells and led to a potent memory response that showed cytotoxic effectors and boosted vaccine-induced immunity in tumor-bearing mice.