One report investigating the invasion and metastasis of esophageal carcinoma Eca109 cells shows that HIF-1α inhibits the tumor suppressor E-cadherin and upregulates the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), a protein involved in enabling the migration of cells from the primary tumor to sites of metastasis [114]. The gene discussed is MMP2; the disease is carcinoma of esophagus.