VTRNA2-1 and cholangiocarcinoma: In cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) nc886 is repressed causing PKR activation and subsequent pro-survival NF-κB activation, whereas vtRNA2-1 alone is sufficient to repress PKR activation in non-malignant cholangiocytes, suggesting a role for vtRNA2-1 in tumor surveillance and elimination of pre-malignant cell during tumorigenesis [24].