TLR9 and Chagas disease: Our finding of an early and potent role of cGAS (than TLR9) in eliciting TEvDNA-dependent Mφ activation allows us to propose that genomic DNA damage of parasite and host cells (instead of CpG DNA content in the genomic DNA of the parasite or host cells) serve as the primary stimulus in engaging DNA sensing innate immune receptors and Mφ activation in the context of Chagas disease progression (Fig 5).