PTPRN and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Walther et al. [37], using a similar LIPS assay but including a blocking step with untagged Tspan7, detected Tspan7 antibodies in 35% of 269 patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes aged 7–13 years and positive for other islet autoantibodies, in 3.2% of 94 patients negative for islet autoantibodies and in 22% of 114 non-diabetic individuals considered at high risk of diabetes by having multiple antibodies to insulin, GAD65, IA-2 or ZnT8.