HP and preeclampsia: After controlling for factors associated with PIH through binary logistic regression, there were variations in the p values for the biochemical and clinical characteristics but Zonulin was stronglyassociated with PIH (OR = 1.805; 95% CI =1.139–1.275; p < 0.001) showing that women with elevated plasma zonulin levels were two times more likely to develop either preeclampsia or gestational hypertension as compared to those with normal plasma zonulin level (Table 4).