Similar to previous reports35–37, inflammatory changes were negative for napsin A, whereas hyperplasia, adenoma, and adenocarcinoma were positive for napsin A. The incidences of adenoma and adenocarcinoma in the lungs from group 96w-quartz were significantly higher than those in the lungs from group 96w-saline (P < 0.05; Fig. 3s, Supplementary Table 3). The gene discussed is NAPSA; the disease is adenoma.