PNA sheep and PNA rodent models display changes in hypothalamic kisspeptin/neurokinin B/dynorphin (KNDy) expression and circuitry (52-55, 91, 132, 162), implicating the KNDy system as an attractive therapeutic target for modulating AR-driven, pathological neuroendocrine activity in women with PCOS. This evidence concerns the gene KISS1 and polycystic ovary syndrome.