When adult, early- to mid-gestation PNA NHP exhibit increased intra-abdominal visceral adiposity, hyperlipidemia, relative increases in small adipocytes (constrained adipogenesis) in subcutaneous adipose, and visceral adiposity positively correlated with basal insulin levels (280, 331, 336), while late gestation PNA NHP in adulthood demonstrate increased whole body adiposity in the absence of insulin resistance (337). This evidence concerns the gene INS and Insulin resistance.