In CLL, we also observed a skewing towards effector populations in CMV-specific CD8+ T cells, with a relative increase in Temra cells (Fig. 2A), as was reported earlier.18 However, as CMV-specific CD8+ T cells in HC are already highly differentiated, the shift seen in CLL is relatively small compared to the changes in the EBV-specific compartment. This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.