TF and Venous thrombosis: In rat with 5/6Nx and in mice fed with adenine for 2 weeks to induce CKD, an increase in thrombogenicity was shown in the carotid artery after FeCl3-induced thrombosis.28, 46This thrombosis model was shown to cause substantial damage to the endothelium causing exposure of underlying collagens and of vSMC–derived TF that is critical for arterial thrombosis in mice.39, 43, 47We hypothesize that thrombotic risk observed in CKD moderate stages and in ESRD is linked to arteries expressing vSMC-derived TF in response to various uremic toxins.