Moreover, metastasis promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) related factors, such as vimentin, hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) were found in the plasma membrane and annexin 2, CK2α, and moesin in the lumen of exosomes of bladder cancer respectively, suggesting their crucial involvement in metastatic process96. This evidence concerns the gene HDGF and urinary bladder carcinoma.