CCL2 and atrial fibrillation: IA LPS-exposure significantly increased pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, IL-1ra, IL-10, and GM-CSF), chemokines (IL-8/CXCL-8, CCL2/MCP-1, and CCL4/MIP1β) and prostaglandins (PGF2α and PGE2) in the amniotic fluid (AF) (Figure 7A).