Therefore, despite missing data in regard to phthalate-induced effects on initiation or maintenance of RA, there are indications that phthalate exposure may affect Th1 (IFN-γ) or Th17 (IL-17) cell activity and the production of disease-relevant pro-inflammatory cytokines that can also promote the development of RA. The gene discussed is IFNG; the disease is rheumatoid arthritis.