The RARRES1 expression resulted in cell autophagy via TMEM192, which is expressed in a wide variety of tissues including the kidney.26,27 It was also shown that RARRES1 overexpression in PCa cells induces the expression of the autophagy-related genes beclin and ATG3.28 RARRES1 has also been associated with diverse biological processes, such as ageing, metabolism and stem cell differentiation.29 Here, ATG3 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.