CTRL and inflammatory bowel disease: TNF-α has been shown to induce various inflammatory mediators in the inflamed mucosa in IBD.[32] In the cytokine profiling for TNF-α, the level of TNF-α for CTRL 1 was measured at 22.305 ± 2.753 pg/μg ml, whereas CTRL 2 (without LPS stimulation) measured at 0.060 ± 0.019 pg/μg ml as shown in Figure 6.