IL13 and asthma: In addition to TGF-β, the inflammatory cytokines including IL-4, IL-13, and IL-17, the pivotal mediators driving the pathogenesis of asthma and COPD, enhance FGF2-mediated ASMCs’ proliferation in different experiment settings (Bosse et al., 2008; Ogawa et al., 2018), which further support the interaction of FGF2 with inflammation on tissue remodeling in disease status.