PDK4 and breast carcinoma: Additionally, up-regulation of the genes of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator-1 alpha (PPARγ co-activator 1α, also PGC-1α) in breast cancer (153), or silencing of the mitochondrial membrane protein FAM210B in ovarian cancer provide optimal utilization of mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation that is implemented through the down-regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isozyme 4 (PDK-4) and the increased utilization of pyruvate from glycolysis via TCA cycle [(154); Figure 2U].