As shown in Supplementary Table S2, IPF samples in COL3A1 high expression group were most significantly enriched in cellular adhesion molecules; IPF samples in COL1A2, OGN, COL15A1, ASPN, and MXRA5 high expression groups were most significantly enriched in ECM receptor interaction (Supplementary Tables S2–S7). Here, COL15A1 is linked to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.