Recently, we identified several intrinsic cell signaling pathways involved in reprogramming the immunosuppressive microenvironment of PDAC.11–13 We have recently reported that Forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3), first defined as a key factor in regulatory T cells (Treg cells), is highly expressed in PDAC.12 In PDAC, it is referred to as cancer-FOXP3 (C-FOXP3), and its function is to mediate immune evasion by recruiting FOXP3+ T cells (Treg cells) via upregulation of CCL5. Here, CCL5 is linked to cancer.