Because pro-inflammatory cytokines are involved in both, ageing and chronic conditions, from among many inflammatory markers we decided to assess those explored earlier (hsCRP, IL-6), and those involved in the development of chronic diseases and its complications, especially cardiovascular diseases often occurring in older people, but less frequently studied in the context of malnutrition, like OPG, IL-18, soluble receptor II for TNFα (sTNFRII). Here, TNF is linked to malnutrition.