Moreover, cystine starvation induces mitochondrial fragmentation and ROS production, leading to necroptosis and ferroptosis in BLBC cells via the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and MEKK4-p38-Noxa pathways, while luminal-type breast cancer, without activation of these pathways, is cystine independent48,49. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and breast cancer.