The central role of COX-2 is to orchestrate chronic inflammation which often leads to the main tumor-promoting signaling pathways, like tumor necrosis factor/tumor necrosis factor-receptor (TNF/TNF-R), epidermal growth factor/epidermal growth factor-receptor (EGF/EGF-R) or S100/receptor for advanced glycation end products (S100/RAGE)21,22. This evidence concerns the gene PTGS2 and neoplasm.