Studies also showed that ARS could relieve renal lesions in DN rats, through inhibiting platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGF-B) expression (Zhang et al., 2014a), metalloproteinase tissue inhibitor-2 (TIMP-2) (Zhang et al., 2014b), spatiotemporal dynamics activation of protein kinase c (PKC) (Zhang et al., 2014c) and its downstream c-fos and c-jun (Zhou et al., 2014b), and their heterodimer activator protein (AP-1) (Zhou et al., 2014c). This evidence concerns the gene JUN and liver dysplastic nodule.