RAPGEF5 and neoplasm: Integrins are the key cellular adhesion receptors that are involved in nearly every step of cancer progression from primary tumor development to metastasis.179 Altered integrin expression is frequently detected in tumors, where integrins have roles in supporting oncogenic growth factor receptor (GFR) signaling and GFR-dependent cancer cell migration and invasion.179 Furthermore, integrins regulate the colonization process in metastatic locations by easing anchorage-independent survival of circulating tumor cells (CTCs).