B cells (B220+), plasma cells (CD38+ CD138+), CD4+ T cells, Tfh cells (follicular T help cells, CD4+ PD-1+ CXCR5+), GCB cells (germinal center B cells, CD4-B220+ IgD-GL7+61, or CD4-B220+ GL7+CD95+62–64), IL-17a+ T cells, and IFN-γ+ T cells were all increased in HSD lupus mice compared to those in NSD lupus mice (Supplementary Fig. 3). Here, CD4 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.