VEGFA and acute kidney injury: The Translational Research Investigating Biomarker Endpoints for Acute Kidney Injury (TRIBE-AKI) cohort study on adults undergoing cardiac surgery found that proangiogenic markers, such as VEGF, correlated with a reduced risk of AKI and mortality, but antiangiogenic VEGFR-1 was associated with an increased risk of AKI and mortality.148 Moreover, VEGF-C and VEGF-D, which are the main ligands for lymphangiogenesis, are abundantly expressed in tubules and increased in the serum and urine after injury.