KDR and neoplasm: Upregulation of the FGF/FGFR pathway has also been observed in anti-VEGF-resistant cases.224–226 Dual blockade of FGF/FGFR and VEGF/VEGFR in preclinical studies displayed positive effects against tumor cells, while in clinical trials, agents such as nintedanib and the FGF-VEGF dual blocker dovitinib failed to benefit anti-VEGF-refractory patients.215,227