VEGFA and cancer: A number of studies found factors such as a high level of TGF-β,230,231 upregulation of IL-1,231 downregulation of MIF (macrophage migration inhibitory factor),232 and overexpression of PDGFR233 in a wide range of VEGF-blockade-resistant cancers, implying possible connections to antiangiogenic therapeutic resistance; however, a lack of adequate data on silencing these factors in clinical cases has limited their further confirmation for CRC therapy.