TNF and fragile X syndrome: Compared to healthy individuals, Ashwood et al. found that FXS patients with ASD exhibited higher plasma levels of IL-1α and IL-12p40 and reduced levels of CCL2, CCL5, CCL11 and CXCL10, but similar levels of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, TNF-α and CCL3 [17].