PARP1 and cancer: Furthermore, CSCs have enhanced DNA repair due to overexpression of repair pathways such as ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM), ataxia telangiectasia and rad3-related (ATR), checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1), poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), and RAD51 [23] that protect CSCs from drugs designed to cause cancer cell death by inducing DNA damage.