Additionally, to understand the genome-to-phenome mechanism in T2D, integrating GWAS results with genome-wide transcriptome profiles in the pancreas and other insulin-responsive tissues can also prove valuable, as the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified in these tissues between non-diabetics and diabetics could possibly lead to identification of the underlying fundamental biological process—perhaps beyond the genetic differences between individuals, thus circumventing the limitation of GWAS. Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.