Recently, researchers have found that TRIM29, known as the E3 ubiquitin ligase, may modulate the activation of alveolar macrophages (AMs) in response to viral and bacterial infections via the degradation of NEMO, therefore limits the production of IFN-α/β as well as proinflammatory cytokines of AMs (46). This evidence concerns the gene IFNA1 and bacterial infectious disease.