APP and early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease: The efficacy of anthocyanins has been assessed either in vitro or in vivo, using various animal models of early-onset Alzheimer’s disease, such as the APP/PS1 double transgenic mouse [106,107], which overexpresses both a mutant human amyloid precursor protein (APP) and a mutant human presenilin 1 (PS1) and is prone to cognitive impairment due to increased cerebral deposition of β-amyloid.