Furthermore, data from both Fa2N-4 cells and HepG2 cells demonstrated that fatty acids (palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid and linoleic acid), but not insulin, upregulated the activity and expression of CYP3A4 mRNA and protein, indicating that increased levels of fatty acids may be one of the reasons that diabetes elevated the function and expression of CYP3A4 [38]. This evidence concerns the gene INS and diabetes mellitus.