Compared to the AKI + IA saline animals, those treated with IA EVs had significant downregulation of KIM-1 mRNA (176.2 ± 9.8 vs. 55.0 ± 11.3 relative expression, p < 0.05) and NGAL mRNA (37.1 ± 2.5 vs. 12.2 ± 2.7 relative expression, p < 0.05), as well as in TIMP-1 mRNA which did not reach statistical significance (26.5 ± 2.2 vs. 19.6 ± 3.0 relative expression, p > 0.05) (Figure 2E). Here, LCN2 is linked to acute kidney injury.