In an experiment using human lung adenocarcinoma cells, caffeine also caused diffusion of pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells and small airway epithelial cells by activating protein kinase A (PKA), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) response element-binding protein (CREB), and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) [33]. Here, MAPK3 is linked to lung adenocarcinoma.