INS and Insulin resistance: There are numerous biological mechanisms that show that sympathetic stimulation promotes both acute and chronic insulin resistance and may increase risk of diabetes: (1) sympathetic stimulation promotes vasoconstriction and reduces skeletal muscle blood flow that causes a reduction of glucose uptake into the skeletal muscle [18]; (2) sympathetic activation inhibits pancreatic b cells to secret insulin [19]; and (3) sympathetic overactivity induces the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system that leads to increasing of HR and causes insulin resistance [20].