These candidates included serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 (PON1), clusterin (CLU), tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 13 (TNFSF13), lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), and thrombospondin 1 (THBS1), which have previously been reported as biomarkers of atherosclerosis or cardiovascular disease25–29. This evidence concerns the gene PON1 and atherosclerosis.